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Gender Differences of Health Behavior and Successful aging Among Older People in Indonesia

為了解決What was urban renew的問題，作者LISA WAHIDATUL OKTAVIANI 這樣論述：

AbstractBackground: Health-related behaviors often cooccurring as a pattern impact health, and the changes can also improve successful aging. The purpose of this study were: First, to identify health behavior patterns among older adults in Indonesia and examine the related factors; second, to asses

s the effects of health-related behaviors and changes on successful aging.Methods: (1) Study 1: The data were obtained from the fifth wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS). Adults who were age 60 or older were included in the analysis (n=2930) for study 1. Health-related behaviors included

smoking, physical activity, and dietary patterns. The data was analyzed by latent class analysis and logistic regression. (2) Study 2: The data were obtained from the fourth and the fifth wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS). Adults who were age 60 or older who completed both waves of th

e surveys were included in the analysis (n=1289). Successful aging was measured by the following six indicators: no chronic diseases, no physical function difficulties, no depressive symptoms, intact cognitive function, having social support, and having social participation. Health-related behavior

were defined as smoking, physical activity, and protein intake. A logistic regression was conducted for analysis.Results: (1) Study 1: Four classes each for males were identified: smoking and high-calories diet (20.8%), smoking and active (47.5%), nonsmoking (2.5%), and smoking and healthy diet (29.

1%). Four classes for females were also identified: high risk (8.8%), inactive (31.0%), moderate physical activity (37.7%), and healthy diet (22.5%). The related factors were different by gender. (2) Study 2: In 2007, the overall successful aging rate was 23.6%, but by 2015 it had reduced to 5.6 %.

Smoking, physical activity, and behavioral changes differed by gender. Supporting increased physical activity, no smoking/smoking cessation, and enough protein intake for older people. Quitting smoking, practicing moderate physical activity, and increasing protein intake were all protective factors

for successful aging, but the effect of these behaviors changes by gender. Conclusion: Four lifestyles for older men and women were identified. Quitting smoking, practicing moderate physical activity, and high protein intake were all protective factors for successful aging, although the effects of t

hese changes differed by gender. It is recommended that a gender-sensitive health promotion policy be implemented.Key words: health behaviors, lifestyle, older adults, gender difference, successful aging

使用次臨界水和微波從電子廢棄物中強化萃取回收關鍵金屬

為了解決What was urban renew的問題，作者李連智 這樣論述：

由於電子廢棄物所含有的關鍵金屬具備極大回收與再利用潛力。此研究探討其內含之稀土金屬、鋰、鈷和錳以程序強化形式進行萃取回收，並且隨後進行選擇性沉澱。實驗中的三種電子廢棄物個別採用不同萃取溶液與程序進行回收處理。廢棄陰極射線管螢光粉含有釔和銪，該稀土元素透過硫酸作為萃取劑，分別以開放與封閉容器形式進行微波輔助萃取。廢棄鋰電池中含有鋰、鈷與錳，其透過抗壞血酸做為酸性來源與還原劑，於封閉式微波反應器中進行萃取。廢棄鎳氫電池中含有鑭、鈰和釹，進行兩階段式萃取。首先，使用半導體製程的廢棄磷酸進行傳統萃取，將重金屬析出，並且轉換稀土元素為磷酸鹽沉澱物；再透過硫酸進行第二階段次臨界流體萃取，即可有效萃取所有

金屬。實驗過程中，評估酸與固體濃度、萃取溫度與動力式，以及能量需求等重要參數對萃取效率之影響。使用2M硫酸溶液、固體濃度10g/L、萃取時間30分鐘與反應溫度125°C的情況下，金屬釔和銪的分別獲得86.67% 和 100%的最佳萃取效率。相較於傳統加熱方法，封閉容器式微波萃取程序更加快速，且作為從廢棄陰極射線管螢光粉中回收稀土金屬的有效方法。以結晶產物 (Y0.95Eu0.05)2O3 的形式，釔和銪的回收效率為 96.9 ± 0.26% 和 86.6 ± 0.76% 。使用0.5M抗壞血酸、加熱梯度 40°C/分鐘、固體濃度10g/L、反應時間 10分鐘與反應溫度125°C的情況下，廢棄

鋰電池中的鋰、鈷與錳可以完全萃取。使用 0.1M抗壞血酸即可將廢棄鋰電池中的Co (III)還原為Co (II)，並透過XPS所得實驗結果證明。加入草酸後，萃取液中的鈷與錳的回收效率可達到97.66%與 58.99%。透過廢棄磷酸，第一階段之傳統萃取法即可以去除廢棄鎳氫電池中60 到 100% 的重金屬，而其中超過90%的稀土金屬被轉化為不易溶解的磷酸鹽形式。使用1M硫酸、固體濃度20g/L、反應時間 30分鐘與反應溫度125°C的情況下，稀土元素、鎳、鈷和錳可被完全萃取。利用次臨界流體萃取裝置中萃取液pH值的調整，稀土元素得以被選擇性回收。在pH值為1的情況下，鑭、鈰和釹在鹼金屬雙硫酸鹽沉澱

物 NaREE(SO4)2·H2O 的形式之下，分別獲得82.59% 、 90.75% 和 85.97% 的回收效率，而SEM和XRD可證實其沉澱物為六方棒狀晶體。由此實驗結果得知：該複合式回收程序可作為從電子廢棄物中回收貴金屬的替代性方案，並從中實現永續性、循環經濟與環保價值。