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An Integrative Architecture for Systemic Functional Linguistics and Other Theories of Language: How Do We Choose?

為了解決Criteria meaning的問題，作者Fawcett, Robin P. 這樣論述：

The central concept in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is that of choice between meanings - these being realized in structures. The important question that forms the starting point for this book addresses is: How do we, as users of language, choose between the features in the system networks?

As the book shows, an adequate answer to this question presupposes an adequate overall model - or architecture - of language and its use. And, since all functional theories of language face the same challenge of modelling how we produce and understand sentences and the longer stretches of discourse

in which they occur, this book should interest all functionally-oriented linguists. As its title implies, this book surveys the various architectures that have been proposed in SFL both for the lexicogrammar itself and for the overall architecture within which this is set (with a brief look at the a

rchitectures of other functional models). It then proposes criteria for evaluating alternative overall architectures; and it identifies the type most likely to prove adequate in the long run. Such an architecture must have these two attributes: (i) it must be genuinely comprehensive, and so provide

for both the socio-cultural and the cognitive-interactive aspects of language, and (ii) it must work - i.e. it must be usable not only to describe texts - which is the essential first stage in developing such a model - but it must also be capable of being expressed sufficiently explicitly to be mode

lled in a computer. A major chapter then describes the preferred model - which is also the most comprehensive - component by component (at its current stage of development). Another provides a detailed picture of selected portions of an example of the key enabling innovation, i.e. the microplanner t

hat determines what elements in the message will be selected as various types of Theme. Then a third major chapter provides a walk through that illustrates the whole architecture at work (the context being an anxious moment in the life of a fictitious industrial spy). While many of the components de

scribed have been implemented in computer models of an earlier version of the proposed architecture, there is a strong emphasis on the need to integrate with this - which took an essentially a cognitive-interactive approach - the insights that emerge from the socio-cultural wing of work in SFL - wor

k that has so far proved less amenable to incorporation in computer models of language in use. The book concludes with a summary evaluation of existing proposals for alternative architectures in SFL, and by suggesting the further work that is needed to create and complete a new, genuinely comprehens

ive architecture. Robin P. Fawcett is Emeritus Professor in Linguistics and Director of the Computational Linguistics Unit, Centre for Language and Communication Research, Cardiff University. His research interests include general linguistics, systemic functional linguistics in a socio-cognitive f

ramework, the computer modelling of language in both generation and understanding, and English and other languages for both of these purposes and for the analysis of texts. His most recent publications include Meaning and Form: Systemic Functional Interpretations (co-edited with M. Berry, C. Butler

and G. Huang, 1996). He is also the series editor for Functional Linguistics and Discussions in Functional Approaches to Language, both published by Equinox.

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社區心智障礙者之個別化支持計畫的評估研究：以財團法人台灣省私立啟智技藝訓練中心為例

為了解決Criteria meaning的問題，作者楊雅棋 這樣論述：

　　依照我國政府期以「身心障礙權利公約(CRPD)」作為基準改善社會福利服務跡象，影響服務提供之單位，尤其為機構式服務，在服務建構、再建構與轉型之需求增加，以利達到規範目的與要求。故本研究在此基礎下，選擇發展背景與理念符合《CRPD》之「社區居住與生活服務」為出發，瞭解現正執行單位如何建構服務，並透過研究方法測量受服務者之表現，以做為服務有效及可行性依據，更進一步達到推動身心障礙者福利服務目的。　　本研究為「時間序列設計(time-series design)」之評估研究，為詳細呈現服務建構方式、提供社會可參考之價值，研究方法同時包含了質化與量化元素，並指標、代表性的挑選歷經30餘年從事障礙

者社區生活服務，且多次與美國智能與發展障礙協會(American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, AAIDD；原美國智能障礙協會American Association on Mental Retardation, AAMR)交流、引進國外服務方法，並依照落實之財團法人台灣省私立啟智技藝訓練中心為服務瞭解對象、由該中心2018年接受「社區居住與生活」服務之使用者為實驗對象。實驗評估工具的選用，為荷蘭Arduin基金會與比利時Ghent大學共同出版之「個人成果量表」(Personal Outcomes Sca

le, POS)，該量表也是多國所使用評估障礙者對象之生活品質量表，其中包括個人發展、自我決策、人際關係、社會融合、權利、情緒福祉、身體福祉及物質福祉等八大領域，各領域亦可摘錄服務使用者之質性描述。本研究使用該評估量表，對實驗對象進行為期1年、每6個月1次的題項訪談，並將每次結果進行統計與比較、提出可行性建議，以作為未來服務單位規劃服務之參考，並提供符合政策要求、身心障礙對象所需之社區生活服務。

Euphemistic Meaning Criteria in Russian and Uzbek Languages

為了解決Criteria meaning的問題，作者Elena Anatolievna, Sattarova 這樣論述：

社區適老化建設評估指標系統的建構與運用之研究

為了解決Criteria meaning的問題，作者梅文兵 這樣論述：

面對全球老齡化所帶來持續性養老壓力，各國政府都開展了行之有效的辦法來應對本國人口老齡化問題。隨著經濟的發展和房地產行業的興起，社區居家養老已經成為中國的主體養老模式，据數據統計，中國90%的老年人選擇社區居家養老。但不能否認的是，社區建設之初，較少考慮到老年人的養老需求，因此如何構建符合社區居家養老模式下社區適老化建設便成為政府、養老產業界和學術界共同關心的問題。基於此，本論文借鑒國內外相關建設和發展經驗，通過質性研究和量化分析相結合的研究方法，構建出社區居家養老模式下社區適老化建設評估指標體系，並選取中國珠三角地區4個典型社區進行實證運用，以期提出適合社區居家養老模式下社區適老化建設的對策

建議和改善策略。具體內容如下：首先，透過文獻資料調研、政策文本分析和老年扎根訪談的方式，運用質性研究方法，初步選取社區居家養老模式下社區適老化建設的51項評估指標；其次，將上述51項指標編制成模糊德爾菲法專家問卷，運用模糊德爾菲法，邀請官、產、學界專家對51項指標的重要值進行評量，根據專家共識值和門檻值的設定，最終篩選出48項社區適老化建設指標；再次，將上述48項指標的重要度和表現度，編制成問卷針對社區居家老年人及其相關群體進行廣泛調研，透過576份有效調研數據，運用因素分析法，構建出社區居家養老模式下社區適老化建設的4項準則、9項次準則和48項指標的評估指標系統；另外，將社區適老化建設評

估指標體系，編制成模糊層次專家問卷，邀請官、產、學界專家對各層級評估指標的相對重要值進行評量，運用模糊層次分析法，計算出社區適老化建設評估指標體系各層級指標的權重值；最後，透過本研究構建的社區適老化建設評估指標體系，選擇中國珠三角地區城市、城郊、城鎮、農村等4個典型社區進行實例驗證，客觀科學評估該社區適老化建設的狀況並根據評估數據提出改善策略。社區適老化建設評估指標的研究，是可以涵蓋多面向的研究，這不只是針對現有社區的適老化建設狀況進行評估，從其中辨識適老化建設的不足之處並提出改善建議，也可以於社區規劃建設前段作業時，協助相關部門有效的篩選建設指標並進行決策，以尋得符合社區居家養老產業需求之切

實適老化表現。本研究最期待的是藉由社區適老化建設評估指標，提升社區適老化建設成效和社區居家養老品質，進而提升老年人的生活品質和生活滿意度，幫助老年人成功老化。