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The the Inter American Court of Human Rights: The Legitimacy of International Courts and Tribunals

為了解決Enact a law的問題，作者Zúñiga, Natalia 這樣論述：

This book provides a critical legal perspective on the legitimacy of international courts and tribunals.The volume offers a critique of ideology of two legal approaches to the legitimacy of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) that portray it as a supranational tribunal whose last sa

y on human rights protection has a transformative effect on the democracies of Latin America. The book shows how the discussion between these Latin American legal strands mirrors global trends in the study of the legitimacy of international courts related to the use of constitutional analogies and c

oncepts such as the notion of judicial dialogue and the idea of democratic transformation. It also provides an in-depth analysis of how, through the use of those categories, legal experts studying the legitimacy of the IACtHR enact self-validation processes by making themselves the principal agents

of transformation. These self-validation processes work as ideological apparatuses that reproduce and entrench the mindset that the legal discipline is a driving force of change in itself. Further, the book shows how profiling the Court as an agent of transformation diverts attention from the ways i

n which it has pursued a particular view of human rights and democracy in the region that creates and reproduces relations of inequality and domination. Rather than discarding the IACtHR, this book aims to de-centre the focus away from formal legal institutions, engaging with the idea that ordinary

people can mobilise and define the content of law to transform their lives and territories.The book will be a valuable resource for scholars working in the areas of human rights law, law, public international law, legal theory, constitutional law, political science and legal philosophy.

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探討概念、態度與科學解釋能力之關聯：以氣候變遷數位課程為例

為了解決Enact a law的問題，作者李欣怡 這樣論述：

本研究以氣候變遷的機制與相關之因素為主題，探討融入科學解釋的線上課程對成年人的氣候變遷概念理解、心智模式和與對氣候變遷態度的影響，以及學習者對氣候變遷態度、持有概念多寡與科學解釋品質之關聯。本研究以90名成年人為對象，先進行氣候變遷概念課程後進行氣候變遷為主題的科學解釋課程，並在任務前、後以線上問卷進行氣候變遷概念理解測驗與氣候變遷態度問卷。研究方法以溫室效應概念與態度之前、後測分別進行成對樣本t檢定，以探討氣候變遷課程對學習者的氣候變遷概念理解以及對相關議題態度的影響。其次以PLS-SEM (Partial least squares structural equation modelin

g)分析學習者對氣候變遷態度、先備概念、概念學習成效與科學解釋品質之間的關聯。研究結果發現接受氣候變遷線上課程後，學習者在概念理解表現各構面和總分均有顯著提升。氣候變遷態度方面，相信氣候變遷正在發生、對氣候變遷議題感到擔憂和認為氣候變遷議題非常重要等構面有顯著提升。後測的心智模式分析結果顯示，高階與中階心智模式比例較高，且有大幅度的進步。PLS-SEM分析結果則指出先備概念是科學解釋以及概念後測的主要解釋因素之一，但科學解釋品質與概念後測表現並無關聯。態度前測則會影響態度後測，然而於教學前、後概念與態度並無關聯，且科學解釋品質對態度沒有解釋力。

Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck V. Bell

為了解決Enact a law的問題，作者Lombardo, Paul A. 這樣論述：

This updated edition includes a new afterword that identifies the role the Buck story plays in the Supreme Court’s review of emerging state laws that seek to limit access to abortion.Three generations of imbeciles are enough. Few lines from U.S. Supreme Court opinions are as memorable as this dec

laration by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. in the landmark 1927 case Buck v. Bell. The ruling allowed states to forcibly sterilize residents in order to prevent feebleminded and socially inadequate people from having children. It is the only time the Supreme Court endorsed surgery as a tool of go

vernment policy. Though Buck set the stage for more than sixty thousand involuntary sterilizations in the United States and was cited at the Nuremberg trials in defense of Nazi sterilization experiments, it has never been overturned. It has been more than a decade since Paul A. Lombardo’s classic Th

ree Generations, No Imbeciles first exposed the Buck case’s fraudulent roots. During that time, several of the remaining twentieth-century eugenic sterilization statutes have finally been repealed, and reparations to sterilization survivors have been paid in two states. Discussion of the Buck case h

as once again engendered controversy in the courts. The Wisconsin Supreme Court invoked Buck most recently in a debate over the power of the state to enact restrictions on citizens and businesses during the COVID-19 crisis, and the US Supreme Court cited Three Generations, No Imbeciles in arguments

over the newest state laws seeking to limit access to abortion. This updated edition collects and analyzes information related to events and trends discussed in the earlier volume and includes a completely new afterword, Looking Back at Buck, that explains how the case remains a key feature of publi

c discourse about disability, government power, and reproductive rights. It also presents restored copies of the letters of Carrie Buck and points readers to an online archive of legal documents, images, and other material relevant to the case. The book remains a key resource for law school facultie

s, legal and medical historians, and anyone with an interest in the history of reproduction in the United States.Startling.--ReasonCompelling and well-researched . . . Three Generations, No Imbeciles gives Carrie Buck’s long-untold story the attention it deserves.--Harvard Law ReviewThree Generation

s provides valuable, new, and timely revelations for students and professional scholars across many disciplines.--Disability Studies QuarterlyMeticulously detailed and researched history . . . this book is enjoyable, thought provoking, and troubling in equal measure. I highly recommend it.--Psychiat

ric Services

台灣付費電視平台結合管制之研究-兼論「媒體多元維護與壟斷防制法」」

為了解決Enact a law的問題，作者魏惠珍 這樣論述：

中文摘要本研究係以台灣付費電視平台結合管制規範為研究主題，並採取比較法研究及文獻分析為主要的研究方法。在比較法研究上，係以美、英及德國法制為主，透過對於這三個國家在廣播電視集中化管制規範及實務的研究，並檢視我國現行媒體結合管制規範的文獻資料，主要的研究成果如下所示：一、 付費電視平台結合管制的規範目標 由於媒體集中化程度差異造成言論市場多樣性的威脅程度的不同，因此在管制上應針對不同的危險，設定不同的管制規範。亦即對於跨媒體的結合是否在言論市場上取得支配意見的影響力，應視其結合後危險程度設定不同層次的管制方式，以符合比例原則。 本研究認為，在服務特性上，有線電視平台係以全頻道的線性

服務為主，IPTV的線性頻道服務其市場滲透率雖不高，雖無垂直整合的議題，然線性電視頻道服務依然是台灣民眾主要的收視來源，造成言論市場多樣性的威脅程度較高，因此在付費電視平台的結合管制目標，仍應以有線電視平台及IPTV平台為主。二、 付費電視平台結合管制的模式 鑑於公平交易法已針對市場占有率及事業之市場力量濫用行為加以規範，為避免重複立法規範，及考量經濟市場與輿論影響力二種模式放在同一法律中計算媒體集中度易生混淆，可能導致失準，本研究認為不宜採用年平均收視率、年平均收聽率或年平均閱讀率作為各管制門檻標準，直接量測有多少民眾收視、收聽、閱讀各媒體，兼與市場占有率以反映民眾之媒體使用情形，同時

避免與市場占有率所直接表徵之經濟市場力量混淆，一方面區分廣播電視主管機關與公平交易法主管機關彼此權限，另一方面則以此促成壟斷防制及多元維護之立法目的落實。以全國總人口數為計算母數，優點是可以推估實際收視、收聽、閱讀該媒體之人數，間接亦將網路及新興媒體使用行為一併納入考量，呈現民眾從不同管道獲取資訊之消長變化。當網路及新興媒體之影響力逐漸增大時，法規再與時俱進納入管制，始符合比例原則。由於本草案管制標的為廣播電視參與整合之行為，並非鎖定收視率嚴格限制其成長。頻道業者收視率較高或長期掌握觀眾收視動向，以致其收視率達到本草案所定之管制門檻，如未涉及與他事業整合，其實並不受限制；僅在該媒體規劃進一步參

與其他媒體整合時，因衍生支配性影響力過高，始有限制之必要。並根據廣播電視事業整合程度之不同，分別採行「申報」、「原則許可例外禁止」、「原則禁止例外許可」和「完全禁止」等四種管制加以規範；並針對無線廣播、無線電視、衛星頻道、有線廣播電視系統產業內之相互整合，以及廣播電視事業跨業以及與日報、週刊間之整合，分別加以規範。三、 付費電視平台結合管制的配套措施 國家通訊傳播委員會107年「傳播匯流法制重要議題研析與政策建議」委託研究建議採取「最小幅度修法」途徑，亦即短期內冀希盡可能透過落實並強化執法、或行政部門修正法規命令等方式，達成有實效的法制政策環境轉換；中長期再以整全的法制革新，正本清源並釜

底抽薪地完備傳播法體系。其中就媒體水平集中及垂直整合之管制，認為現行之媒體水平集中及垂直整合管制規範短期間仍不宜貿然落日。中長期則應與「反媒體壟斷」相關立法做整體思考與規劃。 本研究認為在有線電視系統於頻道流動的箝制力仍未改變下，加上IPTV平台與OTT平台未能形成競爭，建議採取「最小幅度修法」途徑，亦即短期內冀希盡可能透過落實並強化執法、或行政部門修正法規命令等方式，達成有實效的法制政策環境轉換；中長期再以整全的法制革新，正本清源並釜底抽薪地完備傳播法體系。其中就媒體水平集中及垂直整合之管制，認為現行之媒體水平集中及垂直整合管制規範短期間仍不宜貿然落日。中長期則應與「反媒體壟斷」相關立

法做整體思考與規劃。在「反媒體壟斷」相關立法未完成前，有線電視法的水平及垂直管制不宜貿然解除。四、 對《媒體壟斷防制與多元維護法草案》之建議1. 維持新聞、政論節目等新聞頻道的多樣性2. 對於報紙與電視頻道跨媒體結合的禁止3. 有線電視平台與IPTV電視平台中性平台化，禁止結合。4. 頻道代理制度列入管制5. 媒金分離條款暫不宜列入管制