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前進中文：中級課程1(簡體版)(可下載雲端MP3) Progressive Chinese: Intermediate Course 1

為了解決describe中文的問題，作者 這樣論述：

　　˙The learning goals that center on the thematic units are set in accordance with the language proficiency levels, established by the ACTFL 　　˙To Comply with the pedagogical principle of backward design to establish the teaching/learning goals for the intermediate learner of Chinese 　　˙

Integrates into its thematic contents the ACTFL-defined, three mores of language uses as well the 5C concepts 　　˙Assist the learner to achieve holistic progress and to cultivate specific linguistic abilities of Chinese 　　˙The selecting of keywords/phrases in thetextbooks is greatly in line with vo

cabulary levels defined by the HSK and by the TOCFL. The regional difference in language uses between the two sides of theTaiwan Strait are also meticulously annotated in the textbooks 　　In recent years, the background of learners has become diversified, and the number of self-study students of ele

mentary Chinese is also increasing. On the pedagogical front, however, learning materials, found to be biased towards school life and youth culture, fail to meet the needs and interests of adult learners. In response to the current dilemma, “Progressive Chinese: Intermediate Course” is thus designed

for people from all works of life. 　　“Progressive Chinese: Intermediate Course” is based on the results of action research done by experienced Chinese instructors affiliated in colleges and universities in the United States. This series of textbooks is a set of two volumes, and each volume is comp

osed of four thematic units. The learning goals that center on the thematic units are set in accordance with the language proficiency levels, established by the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL). Specifically, “Progressive Chinese: Intermediate Course” attempts to help th

e Novice-High learner attain the proficiency level of Intermediate Mid (with the first volume), and then to the level of Intermediate High (with the second volume). 　　“Progressive Chinese: Intermediate Course” complies with the pedagogical principle of backward design to establish the teaching/lear

ning goals for the intermediate learner of Chinese. Through various forms of formative and summative assessment, every lesson and every thematic unit constantly provides the learner with chances to re-consolidate their developing Chinese proficiency. As standardized ways of ensuring successful learn

ing, “Progressive Chinese: Intermediate Course” integrates into its thematic contents the ACTFL-defined, three mores of language uses as well the 5C concepts of Communication, Culture, Connection, Comparison, and Community. 　　In addition to the overall progress in Chinese, “Progressive Chinese: Int

ermediate Course”  attempts to cultivate the following specific linguistic abilities of Chinese: 　　1. To ask questions, to answer questions, to deal with simple social transactions, (forthe high potential learner) to narrate, to compare, and to describe. 　　2. To process and to produce Chinese text

s in paragraphs. 　　3. To develop strategies to comprehend audio and textual input: to put up with unfamiliar language units, to skim through materials, to infer information from co-texts. 　　4. To develop and apply language learning strategies to gradually become independent Chinese learners to ach

ieve the purpose of lifelong learning. 　　˙參照ACTFL所定語言能力標準設定學習目標 　　˙依照反向設計的原則為中級學習者制定相應的教學目標 　　˙結合ACTFL的三種交際溝通模式及5C理念設計教材 　　˙幫助學習者獲得全面性的進步與具體的語言能力 　　˙選詞參照了漢語水準考試(HSK)、華語文能力測驗(TOCFL)，並兼顧兩岸差異 　　近年來華語學習者背景趨向多元，中文的自學者人數也日益增長。編者在教學中發現，偏向學校生活和青年文化的主題，常常無法滿足成年學習者的需求和興趣。因此傾力將《前進中文》編寫成一套能同時符合社會職場人士與大學生各自需求，

亦能符合其語言能力和認知程度的教材。 　　本教材由四位於美國教學中文的一線教師共同編著，為其教學後反思所做的行動研究成果，在出版前曾實際運用於教學中，藉此發現問題、獲得學生回饋，並進行調整，方完成最後編寫。本教材共兩冊，每冊四個單元，以主題進行規劃，並依照美國外語教學委員會(ACTFL)所制定的語言能力標準設定學習目標。第一冊目標由初級高提升至中級中；第二冊目標由中級中提升至中級高。 　　《前進中文》按照反向設計的原則，根據ACTFL的中級與高階語言能力目標，制定相應的教學目標，並在目標確定後通過形成性和總結性測試，在每節課與每個單元的學習過程中建立一個完整、有機的測評系統，説明學習者不斷

進步。在逐步提供中級學習者語言技巧發展所需語言任務的同時，《前進中文》課文內容設計也結合ACTFL的三種交際溝通模式，即理解詮釋、人際交流和表達演示，以及ACTFL的5C理念（即Communication溝通、Culture文化、Connection連接、Comparison對比、Community社區）。 　　《前進中文》除了可幫助中級中文學習者獲得全面性的進步之外，亦能培養學習者以下具體的語言能力： 　　1.    ACTFL Oral Proficiency Interview中級語言使用者所需要的問答能力，並可處理簡單的交際任務（對於優秀學習者，高階語言使用者所需要的簡單敘述、比較

、描述等能力亦能同時培養）。 　　2.    理解成段的中文篇章，因此能產出句段形式的中文。 　　3.    建立聽力、閱讀策略，培養對不熟悉語言成分的容忍度、泛聽/讀能力，以及猜測的能力。 　　4.    發展並運用語言學習策略，逐漸成為獨立的中文學習者，以達到終身學習的目的。 　　☉ Six Features of the Textbooks 　　1.    This textbook series is based on results from action research done by experienced Mandarin Chinese instructors af

filiated with U.S. universities and colleges. 　　2.    Eight thematic units run through two volumes of textbooks, covering personal, communitial, societal issues and learning tasks. 　　3.    The design of learning tasks and assessment activities aligns with ACTFL’s proficiency benchmarks, three mode

s of communication, and 5C principles. 　　4.    The selection of grammar and vocabulary aligns with the guidelines by HSK and Chinese Language Proficiency Test, with cross-strait differences clearly marked and listed.   　　5.    This textbook series is designed for people from all walks of life and

college students to meet the various needs and interests of adult learners. 　　6.    Learners will develop intermediate level oral proficiency, while establishing listening and reading strategies, and eventually become independent learners of Mandarin Chinese.   　　本教材六大特點 　　1.    本教材為北美一線中文教師行動研究成果。

　　2.    八大主題單元貫穿兩冊課文，由淺入深涵蓋中、高級話題與語用任務。 　　3.    學習活動目標、評量任務參照ACTFL的語言水準能力等級、三種溝通模式與5C理念。 　　4.    語言點與詞彙選擇參照漢語水準考試、華語文能力測驗的詞彙等級，且並陳兩岸差異。 　　5.    同時符合社會職場人士與大學生各自需求、語言能力和認知程度。 　　6.    發展中級口語能力，培養聽力、閱讀策略，逐步成為獨立的中文學習者。

describe中文進入發燒排行的影片

布里斯洛中間體自由基反應機制之理論研究

為了解決describe中文的問題，作者謝明修 這樣論述：

含氮雜環卡賓（N-heterocyclic carbene）催化之化學反應中，布里斯洛中間體（Breslow intermediate）扮演重要的催化角色。布里斯洛中間體能以親核基（nucleophile）或自由基（radical）之形式參與反應。本論文探討布里斯洛中間體之自由基特性及形成機制（mechanism），其自由基可從氫自由基轉移或直接氧化形成。安息香縮合反應（benzoin condensation）中，布里斯洛中間體將氫原子轉移至苯甲醛（benzaldehyde）以形成自由基，此自由基可結合形成安息香產物，或排除反應之副產物，使其重新進入催化反應。唯此路徑之反應能障高於傳統非自

由基路徑。此研究亦探討四種布里斯洛中間體之不同電子組態的位能面。其中烯醇鹽（enolate）形式能產生偶極束縛態（dipole-bound state），此為產生自由基之新路徑；拉電子基（electron-withdrawing group）以及立體障礙基（bulky groups）可穩定基態。另外，我們亦研究布里斯洛中間體之碎片化（fragmentation）與重組（rearrangement）。布里斯洛中間體之催化反應可能因其碳氮鍵斷裂而中止，形成碎片。我們證實其反應中可以形成自由基，亦可形成離子。反應趨向之路徑與布里斯洛中間體之羥基的質子化型態有關。碎片化反應亦可視為轉酮醇酶（tran

sketolase）中之噻胺（thiamin）催化反應中之副反應；此研究證實轉酮醇酶透過限制布里斯洛中間體之結構與質子化型態，使其碳氮鍵斷裂需更高之反應能量，進而抑制此副反應。

Practical Grammar of Modern Chinese IV: Simple Sentence, Compound Sentence and Discourse

為了解決describe中文的問題，作者Yuehua, Liu,Wenyu, Pan,Wei, Gu 這樣論述：

Chinese grammar is characterized by its simple structure, lack of inflections, and wide use of monosyllabic morphemes. With the increased popularity of learning Chinese as a second language, there is a demand for a guide to Chinese grammar that’s targeted at second language learners.This four-vol

ume set is one of the earliest and most influential works of Chinese grammar, with a special focus on teaching and learning Chinese as a second language. Drawing on rich teaching experience, the authors analyze a myriad of real-world examples to describe Chinese grammatical phenomena and rules while

introducing the general grammar system of Chinese. This volume introduces several simple sentence and compound sentence structures of modern Chinese grammar. In addition, the authors examine discourse and other larger units of sentences in use.Since the first edition came out in 1983, this set has

been revised twice and remained one of the best sellers in the field. Practitioners and scholars of teaching Chinese as a second language, as well as students with a basic knowledge of Chinese, will find it to be a handy reference.

客家博物館數位典藏詮釋資料欄位探討：以客家文化資產數位網為例

為了解決describe中文的問題，作者吳詩婷 這樣論述：

博物館肩負著保存、傳承人類歷史文明、文化知識的重責大任，隨著網際網路的發展，文物數位化成了文化資產保存的重要方法。以保存客家文化為主要宗旨的客家博物館也逐步開展數位典藏，並有顯著的成果。不過客家博物館在數位典藏詮釋資料的發展與學術討論皆較少，亟需投入更多的研究，俾借助資通科技與數位環境，促進客家文化之發揚與傳播。客家文化資產數位網內容包含全國多間客家博物館之蒐藏以及許多存於民間的珍貴文化資產，內容相當豐富，但在各類型文化資產資料結構（欄位）的呈現上繁紛不一致，許多欄位的意義也難辨別，難以將豐碩的數位典藏內容完整展現於大眾眼前。為讓社會大眾得以深入鑽研客家文化深厚底蘊，本研究選擇以蒐藏多元的客

家文化資產數位網為案例，透過資料結構標準與客家數位典藏欄位之回顧，作為本研究分析的學理基礎資訊，接著以比較分析法進行欄位調整，再訪談客家學者、客發中心典藏人員與普查人員，檢視調整後欄位的合理性與適用性，最終整理出一套50個數位典藏詮釋資料欄位的客家文化資產數位網詮釋資料結構。研究結果顯示前述以「整合」為原則的客家文化資產數位網詮釋資料結構欄位，應能涵蓋表達客家文化資源重要資訊之需求。本研究最後依據研究結論提出客家博物館詮釋資料規劃的建議：(1)針對館內多種詮釋資料欄位可進行整合分析、(2)應為館內詮釋資料欄位編擬相關著錄規則、(3)確實區分欄位詮釋主體，避免著錄時的混淆、(4)適度開放民眾所需

的詮釋資料。依據上述建議，本研究另提出3點未來研究方向：(1)研究範圍拓展至客發中心所有的典藏作業、(2)納入資料內容標準與資料值標準進行探討(3)建置一套適用於全國客家博物館的詮釋資料標準。期望本研究成果可供客家博物館建置數位典藏時作參考之用。