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Indian and Intercultural Philosophy: Personhood, Consciousness, and Causality

為了解決spiritual宗教的問題，作者Berger, Douglas L. 這樣論述：

For over twenty years Douglas Berger has advanced research and reflection on Indian philosophical traditions from both classical and cross-cultural perspectives. This volume reveals the extent of his contribution by bringing together his perspectives on these classical Indian philosophies and pla

cing them in conversation with Confucian, Chinese Buddhist and medieval Indian Sufi traditions. Delving into debates between Nyaya and Buddhist philosophers on consciousness and identity, the nature of Sankara’s theory of the self, the precise character of Nagarjuna’s idea of emptiness, and the rel

ationship between awareness and embodiment in the broad spectrum of Indian thought, chapters exhibit Berger’s unusually broad range of expertise. They connect Chinese Confucian and Buddhist texts with classical Indian theories of ethics and consciousness, contrast the ideas of seminal European think

ers like Nietzsche and Derrida from prevailing themes in Buddhism, and shed light on the spiritual and political dimensions of the Mughal prince Dara Shukoh’s immersion into Vedantic thought. Always approaching the arguments from an intercultural perspective, Berger shows how much relevance and res

onance classical Indian thought has with ancient Confucian views of ethics, Chinese Buddhist depictions of consciousness and medieval Mughal conceptions of divinity. The result is a volume celebrating the rigor, vitality and intercultural resonance of India’s rich philosophical heritage.

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一所原住民族實驗小學教師觀察之敘說探究-以巴楠花部落中小學為例

為了解決spiritual宗教的問題，作者楊雅雯 這樣論述：

　　巴楠花部落中小學於106學年度改制實驗學校後開始於課程中加入四祭戶外行動課程，學生態度的表現令研究者感到興趣，思考要改善學生的學習狀態，只要實驗教育就行了嗎？所謂的實驗教育又是什麼呢？因此，令研究者有了興趣想要進一步探討該現象的發生與學生現場的學習狀況之關聯。　　本研究以敘說探究為研究方法，以巴楠花部落中小學為例，訪談校內教師及學生來探討置身在偏鄉學校的孩子們如何敘說學習經驗，了解釐清巴楠花教師對於實驗教育之詮釋與想像，以及孩子學習經驗的多重面貌，揭露學生的學習置身處境，探索自我學習本質面貌歷程。　　研究結論如下：巴楠花教師體識到實驗教育注重理念也注重實踐，並且精神意涵大於文字解釋。再者

，教師對於課程的設計除了持開放的態度之外，也必須以人為出發點。在戶外行動學習方面融入文化、場域及議題更能讓學習更有深度。除此之外，課程的滾動也能提供學生多元的學習歷程，與此同時，教師間的共備也更加重要。最後根據研究過程與結果，提出本研究也希望提供想要接觸實驗教育的家長及偏鄉服務的老師參考。

Follow the New Way: American Refugee Resettlement Policy and Hmong Religious Change

為了解決spiritual宗教的問題，作者Borja, Melissa May 這樣論述：

An incisive look at Hmong religion in the United States, where resettled refugees found creative ways to maintain their traditions, even as Christian organizations deputized by the government were granted an outsized influence on the refugees’ new lives.Every year, members of the Hmong Christian

Church of God in Minneapolis gather for a cherished Thanksgiving celebration. But this Thanksgiving takes place in the spring, in remembrance of the turbulent days in May 1975 when thousands of Laotians were evacuated for resettlement in the United States. For many Hmong, passage to America was also

a spiritual crossing. As they found novel approaches to living, they also embraced Christianity--called kev cai tshiab, ＂the new way＂--as a means of navigating their complex spiritual landscapes. Melissa May Borja explores how this religious change happened and what it has meant for Hmong culture.

American resettlement policies unintentionally deprived Hmong of the resources necessary for their time-honored rituals, in part because these practices, blending animism, ancestor worship, and shamanism, challenged many Christian-centric definitions of religion. At the same time, because the gover

nment delegated much of the resettlement work to Christian organizations, refugees developed close and dependent relationships with Christian groups. Ultimately the Hmong embraced Christianity on their own terms, adjusting to American spiritual life while finding opportunities to preserve their cust

oms. Follow the New Way illustrates America’s wavering commitments to pluralism and secularism, offering a much-needed investigation into the public work done by religious institutions with the blessing of the state. But in the creation of a Christian-inflected Hmong American animism we see the resi

lience of tradition--how it deepens under transformative conditions.

聖多瑪斯論修習之德與神賦之德

為了解決spiritual宗教的問題，作者趙銀城 這樣論述：

【論文摘要】「恩寵並非毀滅本性，而是完善本性」（S. Th., I, q.1, a.8, ad.2）是聖多瑪斯哲學中的一個重要思想法則，而本性與恩寵在人的倫理道德中則體現為修習之德（acquired virtues）和神賦之德（infused virtues）。前者是後天習得，後者是天賦既與。二者之間有何差異、關係？是否可以並存？是聖多瑪斯德行倫理學中的重要議題，也是歷來許多研究聖多瑪斯的倫理思想的學者所關切的議題。本論文以「聖多瑪斯論修習之德與神賦之德」為題，從聖多瑪斯關於修習之德與神賦之德的論述，探討聖多瑪斯主張恩寵和人性兼具的德行倫理思想的哲學含義，以及面對當今社會許多違反人性尊嚴的道

德問題的時代意義。本論文首先解析聖多瑪斯思想中有關習性（habitus）與德行（virtue）概念的含義，反思習性作為人性之行為的根本、以及德行作為善的習性的思想與行動的含義。其次，探討修習之德和神賦之德的內涵和分類。指出對聖多瑪斯而言，修習之德是指人藉著本性努力而養成的德行，是為了本性的目的，包括理智之德和道德之德；而神賦之德則是指來自於天主的灌注的德行，指向天主，為了超性的目的，包括「向天主之德」和神賦道德之德。第三，探討修習之德與神賦之德的關係。論述二者作為人回歸天主進程中所需要的配備，具有差異性、互動性和統一性的關係。第四，審視人與修德的關係。探討人作為Imago Dei（天主的肖像）

，如何藉著修習之德和神賦之德，以及聖神之恩的助佑，以朝向終極真實為目的，達至榮福直觀，得以實現人性最終完善，從而肯定人性的尊嚴。其根源，乃出自人被召叫與天主共融合一。最後，簡述聖多瑪斯的德行倫理學的影響和意義，並回應面對當今社會種種道德問題的困境，及其解惑之道。